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Media-ocracy

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President Trump’s “historic” press conference last week had the media abuzz all the way through the weekend. The real story was less obvious and certainly not covered in the fantastic news stories. Last week’s press conference and the resulting media hype is a reflection of how the polarization in America has been amped up to the next level.

the End of History

Podcast Episode 157: Media-ocracy

 

If you enjoyed this podcast episode you may also like these articles:

Trump Won the Battle at His New Conference But the War Is Not Over (Washington Post)

Election Meddling

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News of Russian meddling in the recent US elections is not even half of the true story. In this podcast episode we take a brief look at the long history of election meddling which the US has helped to write since at least 1915. Here’s a hint: If you want a clearer perspective of why Russia might be meddling in the US elections Google “Hillary Clintons Russian Elections 2011” and be very surprised by what you find but the mainstream media is not talking about.

Also this episode examines what the implications for geo-politics are with Russian meddling in the US elections.

 

Episode 150: Election Meddling

The End of History

 

 

Additional Reading

 

Putin Accuses US of Meddling in Russian Elections

 

The Long History of the US Interfering in Elections Elsewhere

 

US Role in Honduras Coup

Divided We Stand

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“A house divided against itself cannot stand.”

Abraham Lincoln

 

Yesterday’s podcast episode (11/9/16) looked at the issue of social divisions in America that have been at the center of our culture this election year. The political polarization within America was a serious issue needing to be addressed long before this election year started. Now it has boiled over and out of control.

 

Democrats and Republicans have not only failed to present any proposals to heal these national divisions – they have actually leveraged them for their own gain. In that leveraging, the divisions in American society have grown much more entrenched and inflamed with emotions and rhetoric that is not likely to be undone.

 

The scariest date we should be thinking about is not who will win on 11/8/16 but how Americans deal with each other and the new power arrangement on 11/9/16.

 

The New York Times ran a story in August that featured the Democrats’ ultimate dream electoral map for the election. If they could get both coasts to go “blue” (blue means Democrat) then history would be secured and the political alignment of the electoral college altered indefinitely.

 

This is the map presented in the article.

divided we stand

 

Notice anything about this map? The Democratic strategy proves the point I was making in yesterday’s podcast episode. Our nation is dangerously divided. The demographics of race, economics, values, religion, and more represented in the divided red and blue should give us cause for concern.

 

The coasts, where most of the entertainment and media establishments are based, are blue.

 

  • CBS, NBC, MSNBC, ABC, FOX are all based out of New York City

  • CNN is based out of Atlanta

  • NPR is based out of Washington DC

  • Hollywood of and most of the entertainment industry is based out of California with satellites in New York City

 

Blue controls the messages and volume in this country. So if you are in a red state middle America, and you wonder why traditional family and red state values are so infrequently emphasized in the media or entertainment outlets – this is why.

 

The blue states control the messaging. If what you see on TV or the movies or even the news feels to be far out of alignment with your own values and experience and also pushed down your throat constantly – that’s because the blue states also control the volume of those messages. This messaging and its volume is incredibly impacting in our media saturated age.

 

Red and blue in this map is not merely a potential clash of political worldviews but a clash of value systems.

 

The red states, beyond Republicanism, represent traditional values America. This is where the farms are. This is where the non-unionized workers are. This is where people join the military to fight for their country and not just for a job. This is where flags don’t get burned. This is where churchgoers live. It is also (perplexingly) where Donald Trump’s supporters reside.

 

Numerous studies that I have discussed in previous articles and podcasts have pointed out that Trump supporters are drawn to him not for his programs or ideals. They are drawn to the protest and anger.

 

Middle red state America is angry and fed up with the lecturing from the blue states. They are angry and fed up with the assault on their values and traditions. They are angry and fed up with national tragedies being somehow linked to traditional values and beliefs.

interesting times divided we stand

The red and blue in this country no longer listens to one another. They are yelling at one another. This election has proven that reality. The megaphones of the two sides are the presidential candidates and they have let the verbal assaults hurl in unprecedented fashion in 2016.

 

What happens when the election is over? One side of this divide is going to be just as angry but will now feel disempowered of hope and possibility.

 

Do we really believe either of the candidates can lead both the blue and the red states?

 

We are on the precipice of a dangerous event. We are nearing the place where we learn what happens to a divided nation.

The Broken Trust

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The levels of anger and fear in society are seething. The evidence is in the widespread protests and increasing levels of random violence. It is in the polarization that has spread from our media to our politics to our local communities.  It is in our rants on social media and hiding away from perspectives to which we disagree. The anger is evidenced in the growing realization that something has gone horribly wrong and for the first time in a long time, the future for many Americans appears completely uncertain. President Obama has twice in the last month addressed this anger and division with an effort to recalibrate the public and suggest things are not as divided, not as discontented as some are saying. He couldn’t be more wrong.

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The Social Contract

There is a concept central to political philosophy that dates all the way back to Socrates and made most famous in a book by the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The social contract is the agreement between the people and their leaders which defines the balance in society that leads to stability, safety, and order.

 

At the foundation of the social contract is an unspoken trust that surpasses written laws. These are the assumptions and expectations built into our society that define our positions toward one another.  We pay our taxes because we trust the government to pave our roads, build our schools, run the mail. Likewise, we trust the government to not overstep boundaries into our individual lives and homes. Conversely the government anticipates a level of protest and disagreement among the people but it is restrained from breaking over into outright sedition or revolution. Upon this trust the social contract is held together. The relationships within society between business owners and customers, teachers and students, bosses and employees, all build their stability around the trust inherent to the social contract. The trust assures us contracts will be honored, agreements fulfilled, roles and responsibilities will be adhered to.

 

The trust is central to a functioning, healthy, prosperous and progressive society.

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The Broken Trust and the Social Contract

 

The trust central to the social contract in America is breaking. In almost every aspect of our society there is a collapse in the levels of confidence and trust we put upon the institutions which were designed to hold us together. A recent Gallup poll found that American confidence in most major institutions is well below historical averages. Only 8% of Americans today have confidence in Congress, the media scored at 21% confidence rating, big business and banks at 21% and 28% respectively. Even organized religion was down 12% from historical averages with only 42% suggesting they have confidence in their houses and systems of worship. According to a study by the Pew Research Center, four out of five Americans say the government and their representatives simply leave them feeling frustrated and angry.

broken trust

These are not mere moods of the American public. This is the byproduct of experience that has generated a sense of betrayal and broken trust among the people. Simple iconic phrases and words stand as reminders in our society today to demonstrate the dishonesty, corruption, incompetence, and failed trust earned by our government.

 

  • 9/11
  • Iraq War
  • Hurricane Katrina
  • Veterans Administration
  • Flint, Michigan
  • Benghazi

 

The 2008 economic crisis showed a finance system racked with corruption, greed and injustice but no just consequences to the power players who helped bring it about. Drained retirement accounts and a mortgage foreclosure epidemic were the price tag resting largely on the middle class in the aftermath of the crisis.

 

From the attacks of 9/11 to Hurricane Katrina to cell phone videos capturing the violence in city streets at the hands of people expected to protect us – our leaders and institutions are either unwilling or unable to uphold their part of the social contract.

 

Everywhere we turn, the trust has been broken and in the vacuum is a rising anger and resentment.

broken trust

Last month at the Republican convention political figures who align themselves publicly to Christian and religious principles hypocritically endorsed a candidate who is notorious for lying, disrespect, and self-promotion. His most endearing quality is his ability to encapsulate the anger of the public at large. As he expressed in his own words, “I will be your voice.” For many Americans that is exactly what he has become. His policies are irrelevant, as is his character. They merely want their anger to be heard.

 

The social trust is not only a story of a breakdown of leadership in American politics, religion, and finance though. The family unit itself has become a hit or miss game where the idea of marriage vows has been exchanged for selfishness and self-will. Divorce rates hovering near 50% have persisted for several decades but even if a family is on the positive side of that 50/50 scenario there is no real guarantee of security, stability, or genuine family bonds. A generation of children have grown up realizing they cannot trust even this most basic aspect of the world around them and so they seek to simply please themselves rather than become responsible members of society. We call them Millennials.

broken trust

The things we once depended upon, from the top to the bottom of American society, are no longer dependable. We are losing trust not only in our institutions but also in one another.  The trust is broken and the social contract is crumbling.

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Anger and Fear in Society

 

When there is no trust we find no stability; and in such an environment doubt, frustration and fear reign supreme. Tragedies like police shootings, mass killings, and terrorist attacks heighten the levels of insecurity and have a compounding effect on the fear when there is no trusted leadership to guide the people elsewhere. The anger in America today is not due only to Trump or economics or racism or guns or Democrats or Republicans. These are all symptoms of a deeper seated national insecurity. The anger in America is the sound of fear, the fear of what is ahead and a growing sense of collective unpreparedness. We don’t trust. We don’t believe. We don’t agree. We, as a society, don’t work anymore.

broken trust

This collective and national dysfunction is spreading and it is going to worsen. The tragedies will continue but even worse, our capacity to respond and hope for resolution is dissipating. The voices of stability and hope which we need right now are all too often themselves being seduced by the ease of anger and bitterness.

 

Proverbs 29:18 says, “Where there is no vision the people perish, but happy is he that keeps the law.”

 

The lack of sight, hope, trust, and stability in our society today is the present reality of a people blinded and without vision. We do not have to go down that path though. People of faith recognize there is still stability and security in principles and values that supersede anything coming out of either political party and any public policy. In the midst of a generation of rising darkness, when the social trust is collapsing and the fear and anger are rising, people of faith must make their stand.

broken trust

Our children, our homes, our churches, our unique individual environments can still be places of peace, hope and calm in the face of this storm of rage all around us. What is important? What is true? These are the principles and laws of our faith which we should be building upon. This is not a call to bury our heads in the sand and wait for the bad times to pass. It is a call to remember we are to be the light of the world. As Christian believers, we should not be so easily baited to the voices of stress, anger, and fear. We should respond to them with faith, hope and love.

 

Philippians 4:4–9 (HCSB) —Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! Let your graciousness be known to everyone. The Lord is near. Don’t worry about anything, but in everything, through prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be made known to God. And the peace of God, which surpasses every thought, will guard your hearts and minds in Christ Jesus. Finally brothers, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is just, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is commendable—if there is any moral excellence and if there is any praise—dwell on these things. Do what you have learned and received and heard and seen in me, and the God of peace will be with you.

 

JB Shreve and the End of History

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Venezuela in Crisis – Part 1

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The Venezuela economy is in meltdown. Inflation is forecasted to hit 1,000,000% by the end of 2018. (That’s not a typo!)

 

VENEZUELA CRISIS, venezuela economy

This two-part podcast series explains the how the Venezuela economy went into meltdown. Part 1 looks at the history of Venezuela. JB Shreve demonstrates this South American nation’s unique place in the global order. By the end of part 1 in this podcast series you will see how the 1970s and 1980s provided a test run for the crisis the Venezuela economy is experiencing today. The lessons were not learned though.

Venezuela in Crisis podcast series will you understand the news that is unfolding today. This is a significant crisis and event in world history and it is occurring before our eyes. We should all understand why and how.

If you believe this is a story only about Hugo Chavez and socialism you do not know the whole story. The story about the Venezuela economy meltdown goes deeper than that.

venezuela crisis explainer venezuela crisis fact sheet venezuela crisis timeline

Be sure to listen to part two in my series on the Venezuela crisis. It explains what happened to the Venezuela economy in the era of Chavez and also today under Maduro. Go for a deeper dive with my Venezuela Crisis Explainer (click the banner above). You can download my podcast series on the Venezuela economy and crisis here at the web site or here at my SoundCloud page.

Thanks for listening, and I would love to hear your feedback and thoughts.

 

Subscribe to my blog and feed to read and stay aware of updates to this series. This is also the best way to learn when other series and informative expert guides are made available to the public here.Notes:

7 Reasons Donald Trump Will Be the Next US President

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Every respected poll currently shows Hillary Clinton will be the next President of the United States. The Washington Post ran a story Monday entitled “The Presidency is Clinton’s to Lose.” Donald Trump has no real political platform except to say whatever needs to be said at any given moment – even if that changes daily with the different audiences he stands before and works to please. His wildly popular appeal is a strange mirage. Like someone staring into their own hazy reflection in a dirty mud puddle, observers see what they want to see. He’s a conservative, a moderate, a liberal, a hawk, an isolationist, a businessman, a leader, an outsider, an insider. He’s whatever you want him to be. At the end of the day he is a reality television star with massive talent for self-promotion.

 

And yet, in spite of the polls, in spite of what seems obvious, in spite of what seems rational, I believe Donald Trump will be elected the next President of the United States, not because he would be a good president but due to a unique convergence of the following seven points.

 

 

1.    Hillary Clinton is a horrible candidate

 

This is not to say that Hillary would not be a good president or leader. She is simply a horrible candidate. There is a reason why the Republican party contributed so many mediocre candidates to the race this election cycle. Everyone wanted to run against Hillary! The greatest surprise of the 2008 presidential race was not that Barak Obama won, but that Hillary Clinton lost. Her levels of incompetence as a candidate were shocking. She comes across as cold, corrupt, and dishonest on her worst day and disingenuous and distracted on her best day.

 

The reception of her proposals from the last week alone (no American will pay more than 10% of their income for childcare, and Bill Clinton will be put in charge of the economy) present as pleadings to “please love me” from a candidate who should be dominating. For an electorate seething with anger and discontent, Hillary is as bad a proposal for solution that can be imagined.

trump will be president
Apparently this is not a joke. Click on the image for the story.

 

2.    Hillary is wildly unpopular

 

A lot of people think this is because she is a woman and reflects the sexism of our culture but that is not true. Carly Fiorina, Nancy Pelosi, Condoleezza Rice, even Sarah Palin all have their own appeals but Hillary doesn’t. Women voters express greater appreciation and memory of the philandering presidency of Bill Clinton than they do for his wife who stood by him through each humiliating sex scandal. Try and explain that one! How did Hillary become the bad guy of the Clinton presidency?

 

trump will be presidentThe lingering of Bernie Sanders in the campaign in contradiction to basic math reflects a Democratic constituency that is begging to not be forced to vote for Hillary. Many voters who voted for President Obama might not vote for Trump but they insist they won’t vote for Hillary either. More voters on the Democratic side will simply not vote for either candidate rather than give their vote to Hillary. Conversely, many people who know Trump is a poor choice for President will vote for him just to make sure Hillary does not win. This reality is being under recognized in the media. As Bernie Sanders’ supporters become more agitated and behave like Trump’s supporters it is because the terrible truth that Hillary may be their forced option is beginning to hit home.

 

3.    Character doesn’t matter and it hasn’t since 1998

 

Donald Trump is a liar, a bully, a troublemaker, possibly a sexist, racist, panderer who has demonstrated no respect for the responsibilities of leadership. These issues are not relevant to this campaign however. In the late 1990s when former President Bill Clinton was facing impeachment for lying under oath about his extramarital affairs, the public debate about the importance of personal character in our leaders concluded it was not really that important. Competency, not character, was what mattered. “It’s the economy stupid” was a sign hoisted at the Democratic convention in 1992 as a means to counter all the talk about Bill Clinton’s character deficiencies. It appears history and shifts in social norms have consequences.

trump will be president

4.    Anger of the electorate is still underestimated

 

The anger among the increasingly stressed and shrinking middle class in America is about to spillover into protest. That protest, at least its first phase, is not with rioters in the street but with voters for Trump on election day. They don’t care if he is a liar. They don’t care that he doesn’t have any real plans. They are mad as hell and aren’t going to take it anymore! Donald Trump’s appeal is not because he is appealing. It is because he represents the chance to vomit on a system which many feel has either abandoned them or cheated them. When President Obama takes political risks for the sake of transgender high schoolers to use coed showers by force of government blackmail to state budgets, he is feeding into the anger of this increasingly bitter and resentful constituency. We should not be fooled into believing that these issues are unrelated. The growing liberalism of the Washington establishment is helping to fuel an angry and scorned middle class among average Americans. That response is irrational, unethical, and 6 months away from becoming offialized at the ballot box.

 

5.    Conservatives are deceiving themselves

 

One of the greatest accomplishments of Donald Trump’s campaign was not his defeat of rival Republicans and Conservatives but his ability to have them lay bare their own hypocrisy and opportunism. Donald Trump is not killing the Republican party. Its former leaders are doing that all by themselves. Once this election is over, the landscape of the Grand Old Party will be littered with the finished careers of people who betrayed values and principle based positions for the idea that at least Donald Trump was better than Hillary Clinton. Across the nation today values based social conservatives and Christian Republicans are trying to find a way to justify a vote for Donald Trump with the logic he is the lesser of two evils. These social conservatives seem to have missed how a vote for the lesser of two evils is still a vote for evil.

trump will be president

6.    A surprise is still to come

 trump will be president

History and current events do not pause for the US presidential elections. They flow directly into this process. In 2008 as America was introduced to candidate Barak Obama his future presidency was not a sure thing. During the course of that summer a terrorist attack, a threat to national security, or something else along those lines would have emphasized Obama’s lack of experience against John McCain’s long track record with defense and national security. That did not happen though. Instead, a financial crisis struck and it struck hard – exposing McCain in his weakest light while Obama was seen in his cool professorial greatness. A lot can happen over the course of the next five months and when it does, expect history to emphasize Hillary’s weaknesses and Donald’s Teflon no stick response to crisis. That “something” may be issues that highlight corruption within Hillary’s ranks or insincerity in her platforms and agenda. Whatever they might be – they are coming.

 

7.    This is not a decision but an indictment

 

At the end of the day and when all the votes are tallied we have to realize this election is not about the qualification of the candidates or their appeal to the voters. It is not even about the polarized state of the republic. This election is unlike anything we have seen in the past. This election is an indictment upon a system in which the will of the people, from one generation to the next, has finally led us to this place in history. Self-interest has won out over ethical responsibilities and moral obligations. When the options were presented to us one decade to the next to lead ourselves and the world responsibly we opted instead to be placated and entertained. This election is about the American democratic system imploding upon itself. The party of family values and conservative social imperatives has a reality tv star at its helm. The party of the little man and liberal economics has a candidate more closely associated with corruption and scandal than any vision for the future.

 

We have arrived at the end of the American Republic and have only ourselves to blame. This may not be the choice we specifically asked for but it is the choice our values and decisions have deserved and earned.

 

 

Killers in the Name of God Part 3: The Killers of Allah

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By the 1980s nationalism and political philosophies had failed the former Islamic world of the Middle East. Into this vacuum stepped Islamic extremist ideologies pushed in different manners by the rulers of the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam.

This is part 3 in JB Shreve and the End of History’s series on the history of Islamic extremism – Killers in the Name of God.

Killers in the Name of God Part 2: Decline of Islam

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Before Islamic extremism took hold in the Middle East there was actually a decline in Islam’s influence there as nationalism and political philosophies took root. Behind the scenes however, radical thinkers began looking for another route to greatness by way of their misunderstood history.

This is part 2 in the JB Shreve and the End of History’s podcast series on the history of Islamic extremism – Killers in the Name of God.

Killers in the Name of God – Part 1: The Caliphates

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This is part 1 of the three part podcast series that look at the history of Islamic Extremism.

JB Shreve looks at the early history of Islam to separate fact from fiction, or in this case revisionist history. The extremist ideas of many of the religious terrorists today were not a part of Islam’s religious history even if they did have a part in the history of military and political conquest of these early empires.

This is part 1 of JB Shreve and the End of History’s series on the history of Islamic extremism – Killers in the Name of God.

[FACT SHEET] BOKO HARAM

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This Boko Haram Fact sheet is part of my wider in depth look at this terrorist group. You can learn more about Boko Haram with full fact sheets, timelines, backgrounders and history here.


Boko Haram Fact Sheet

Boko Haram is a violent Islamic fundamentalist group based in north eastern Nigeria. Their reign of terror since 2009 has included the mass kidnapping of hundreds of young girls at a girls’ school which made them infamous beginning in 2014.

  • Beginning in 2015 they secured areas of control in the country as large as Belgium and pledged their allegiance to ISIS. Areas under Boko Haram control have strict sharia law imposed and have re-instituted slavery for non Muslims.
  • Boko Haram has triggered a refugee crisis in Nigeria and surrounding nations as their attacks have moved beyond Nigeria’s borders.
  • Boko Haram uses kidnapping, chainsaw beheadings, suicide bombings and more to inflict terror and punishment among the region’s residents.

Boko Haram Fact Sheet – Economy and Corruption

  • Boko Haram has risen out of historical issues of corruption and economic disparity between the wealthy southern part of Nigeria compared to the poverty stricken northern region. These economic disparities also correlate to religious demographics of Muslim populations dominating the north and Christians in the south.
  • Nigeria is ranked as the largest and wealthiest nation on the continent of Africa after a rebasing of their GDP in 2014. This wealth is based largely upon energy exports based off the coast.
  • One mark of the legacy of government corruption in the nation’s history since independence in 1960 has been the reports of billions of dollars stolen from Nigeria’s oil revenues.
  • Nigeria joined the WTO in the mid 90s and this resulted in further shock to the meager manufacturing economy based in the north as Chinese imports flooded the markets. Today anti-panhandling laws to limit begging are enforced in the shadow of closed factories in northern Nigeria.

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Boko Haram Fact Sheet: History

  • Northern Nigeria once existed as a stronghold for Africa’s Islamic kingdoms. This began to fade into the mid-19th
  • British imperialism controlled Nigeria from this time through independence in 1960. Britain remained largely hands off in northern Nigeria, the home of the country’s Islamic populations yet was greatly involved in the south. This resulted in Nigeria developing with two distinct regions as different as two different nations during this time period.
  • The north, under the British was very independent, traditional, and Islamic. The south was heavily influence by Christian missionaries and better integrated with the western world. These differences would show significantly after independence.
  • The first decades of Nigerian independence were very volatile with numerous coups.
  • A rising fundamentalist Islamic movement was active beginning in the 1980s in the north. Riots and violence broke out numerous time during this decade. This movement was in line with what was taking place throughout the Middle East and south Asia in the lands of Muslim populations liberated only a few decades earlier from European colonialism.
  • The Muslim Youth Organization was founded in the 1990s.
  • Muhammed Yusuf took over leadership of the Muslim Youth Organization in 2002. At this time the organization was a non-violent group.
  • The Muslim Youth Organization was renamed Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awati Wal-Jihad which translates to “People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet’s Teaching and Jihad.” They would soon earn the nickname “Boko Haram” which means western education is forbidden.
  • The true protest of Boko Haram is not western education but western values which were transmitted through the western education system under the British.
  • Occasional attacks from Boko Haram began in 2004 against police stations and other perceived sources of state sponsored corruption against Muslims in the north.
  • In 2009 government forces struck Boko Haram and captured its leader Yusuf. Images of his dead body in handcuffs and riddled with bullets were captured with cellphones and spread across the web. The radicalization of Boko Haram had begun.
  • The new Boko Haram emerged in 2011 with attacks on prisons that freed over 700 in Nigeria. The group began targeting Christians and Muslims that were not obedient to their interpretations of the Koran.
  • In 2011 Boko Haram brought suicide bombing to Nigeria with an attack on a United Nations building in Abuja.
  • Al-Qaeda is reported to have arrived in Nigeria in 2012 to support and train Boko Haram fighters.
  • By 2013 Boko Haram ruled the roads of the northern part of Nigeria.
  • In 2014 they became famous around the world with the kidnapping of hundreds of school girls. US First Lady Michelle Obama helped raise awareness with the #bringbackourgirls campaign.

who is boko haram boko haram fact sheet

  • In 2014 Boko Haram pledged allegiance to ISIS.
  • In 2015 Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan was voted out of office, largely due to his ineffectual efforts against the group as well as alleged corruption. New president Muhammadu Buhari vowed to eliminate the threat of Boko Haram.

Boko Haram Fact Sheet: Current Realities

  • Today as many as 2.4 million people have been displaced by Boko Haram.
  • As many as 7 million people are at risk of starvation due to Boko Haram
  • The core group of fighters within Boko Haram, as estimated by the US intelligence community, is between 4,000 and 6,000.
  • In the first half of 2018, almost a third of all Boko Haram casualties were the result of suicide bombings.
  • Since 2011 nearly 40,000 people have been killed in Boko Haram violence.
  • Although the violence of the Boko Haram violence decreased between 2014-15 it has now returned to the terrible standards of prior years.
  • In the early years of the Boko Haram attacks Christian churches were the most frequent target of attacks. Since 2015 Islamic mosques have been the most popular Boko Haram target.
  • In the spring of 2018 the Nigerian government announced they were in talks with Boko Haram as part of an effort to reduce the violence. Subsequent reports suggest Boko Haram has divided into two factions. One faction remains devoted to extremism and the other is focused on gaining legitimacy from the Nigerian government.

 

Learn more about Boko Haram and the history of Nigeria through the newest Intelligence Brief released from the End of History. Download your copy of this new e-book today. You can purchase at Amazon by clicking on the icon below.

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This Boko Haram fact sheet and more are covered in explainers and backgrounders through my in depth look at Everything You Need to Know About Boko Haram.